GLOSSARY


GLOSSARY

Agape. The unconditional giving ingredient of loving; way of self-sacrifice; continuous action on the behalf of the other; highest appreciation of the other; relationship; experience of beauty; lifestyle of worship toward God. Expression: giving-of-ourselves. Danger: Self-righteousness.

Eros. The romantic ingredient of loving; deepest desire for the other; passion to be with the other. Expression: exaltation of the beloved. Danger: need to posses- pride.

Kardia. The “living organ”; thoughts or feelings; mind; emotions; heart; desires; passions; all that makes us come alive.

Philia. The physical ingredient of loving; common interest, similarities and knowledge of the familiar; fueled by one vision or goal; outcome of companionship; open to all of the same interest. Expression: appreciation of others in group, humility. Danger: it is unnatural, so selfishness.

Storge. The emotional ingredient of loving; need to be needed and need to be given to. Expression: physical touch. Danger: fear of the new - jealousy!
note: these are definitions created by the author, based on the long study.
Please do not take them for granted. Thank you.
Copyright © 2007 by Dorota Krzyzaniak
All rights reserved

CHAPTER 10: PRACTICING CONTINIOUS AGAPE - A CALL TO ACTION

Only with a supreme act of bravery can sacrificial love be carried out, and only sacrificial love has the power to utterly destroy evil.
Michael Arbogast, The Imaginative Christian Works of C.S. Lewis and J.K. Rowling



Story One

Do you perhaps recall watching a teen movie called A Walk to Remember? It is a story about high school affection and friendship, which turns into a romance, but not without agape working all through the movie in the actor’s lives. Jamie [the actress] is a shy and quiet, a classical preacher’s daughter, but she is also very ill and knows that she will soon die; Landon [the actor] is an arrogant high school celebrity type of a guy, who walks around causing trouble with his guy friends. There was no natural possibility for these two characters to end up in a marriage, as they have, without supreme acts of bravery. When Landon realizes that he truly loves Jamie, she, being aware of her illness and therefore limitations, asks him to promise her that he will not fall in love with her. He promises, but love still happens because both of them take the risk of telling the truth [Jamie about her illness] becoming vulnerable to one another, by giving-of-themselves for the sake of the other, here the unattractive other. Two opposite people come together and make things work by desiring to give to each other, rather than to receive. This is not magic. This is also not our daily idea of a perfect romance. This is a working agape; working and teaching us. Working with patience in us, and working through giving to us, by our giving to another.

Learning: Agape Must Become a Habit

Agape is a relationship. Relationships are learning experiences. Experiences take time, as they are processes. Processes are sometimes life-long lessons. Agape is one of those learning processes, both for you – the beloved and the loved one.
Seek. Become. Give.
This process of learning agape [or making it a habit, as it is an intentional attitude of our kardia – the “living organ”] is more about becoming the right friend, the right daughter, the right lover, than wanting the other to be all of that for us. Allow the process of learning in order to learn about the greatest mystery of our lives. Learn and then become a giving-offering to those closest in your life. Take the risk to agape someone and allow yourself to be agaped by someone too. Giving-of-yourself is the hardest thing to do, but truly it is the only answer in the world of constant turmoil. Ask the Ultimate Agape to help you and allow Him to transform you.
Relationships are the greatest gifts.
Agape is a set of relationships.
Eternal even.

Story Two

Zack[1] is the name of one of my best friends. But this was not always the way things were. I used to strongly dislike this person, since the first day I met him, thinking that he was annoying and “stupid” [I know, I am sorry], because he thought the world of himself and always longed to be in the center of everyone’s attention. You know what type of personality this is, don’t you? Zack thought the same about who I was; he would never think of being friends with someone like me. I was perhaps too “serious” for him. A year went by and another one. Still thinking nothing more of each other, but rather carrying signs on our faces of warning if the other approached his or her territory. By the third year, confronted by a mutual friendship, we had to make a choice. We were either going to give the other a chance, and in a sense let our thoughts and expectations of the other cease, or we were going to sacrifice something of that new mutual friend we had and cared for. I began to pray for patience and ask the Ultimate Agape [God is agape] to allow me to agape this man and allow me to have patience in times when I know, I will not be able to stand this person! I simply prayed. Later I found out that this man also gave me a chance in a similar way. After just a couple of months, through Agape, we both became friends, and a year later we continue to be great friends to each another. This is not because we simply made a decision to do so, but because our focus was restored from looking at each other’s weaknesses and differences, to looking at each other’s strengths and beautiful gifts, and even the connection we both shared – God Himself. I honestly have never loved any friend in such a way and this is not a romantic crush I am thinking about, but a way of loving someone, beyond the loveable; finding incredible worth in the other, who is at first, not so attractive and undeserving of such love [this is of course always a personal judgment]. I focused on God, asked Him to let me agape this person and He answered. What a great Gift!


Patience: Agape Requires Prayer

Practicing agape is not easy. Not necessarily pleasing to oneself either. But it will offer you joy, or rather, a sense of peace. Patience, which comes through prayer, is a good starting point as again, agape is from God, and therefore a Believer must go directly to the source of agape to maintain an agape-like-lifestyle. Pray for your relationships before even approaching them. Ask for guidance, for discernment, for gentleness and for the ability to unconditionally agape. When the rest of the beloved fails you, be reminded of the prayers you prayed toward them, as that will change your heart’s attitude toward their natural failures. This is why it is so necessary to give of your own self and think highly of the other, first of God [by giving him praise] and then through prayer for the other and your relationship [such as intercession, or I like to call it, a dedicative prayer]. It is not worthy of your time to worry too much, as true agaping friends, giving-of-themselves to one another, will always return to their Source and each other, as the Source binds them together in one agape. Therefore rather than be impulsive about friend not calling you, go to the Source. Later, as you’ll look back, you will see the joy and peace of that decision.
For, peace is what you and I need.
Through dedicative prayer and patience, Agape offers that peace.

Story Three

We think of Mother Teresa as a great heroine, an untouchable saint, and yet her life breaks all the definitions of a saint we could ever make. She was not a great hero for herself. She was a person with kardia [a heart], desiring to give to someone else, who had even less to eat than she did. Even if she had nothing to eat, she could find someone perhaps, who had no clothing, while she was clothed. That person then was less fortunate, and therefore deserved to be clothed by her. She was like you and me, a person with not only great faith, but also doubts which made her faith so great! She wanted to give generously. In her journal writings, she tells of a powerful story of giving:
One night a man came to our house and told me, “There is a family with eight children. They have not eaten for days.” I took some food with me and went. When I came to that family, I saw the faces of those littlechildren disfigured by hunger. There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger. I gave the rice to the mother. She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice. When she came back, I asked her, “Where did you go?” She gave me this simple answer, “To my neighbors; they are hungry also!” I was not surprised that she gave – poor people are very generous. I was surprised that she knew they were hungry. As a rule, when we are suffering, we are sO focused on ourselves, we have no time for others.[2]

Giving: A Habit of Generosity

It is not enough to just give. Take it a little higher and develop a habit of generosity. Leave a little greater tip than the norm and than what you can give. Offer a little bit more of your time to someone else, than you are able to give. Be faithful. Be generous. Right now, right here. With no riches, find creative ways to give more than you can, than what others might think of your capacity to give. Not to be the center of attention, but rather with the attitude of serving and thankfulness, something we barely practice anymore, except for the season, or even day of Thanksgiving. What will it cost you? Not as much trauma as you might be considering now. Perhaps one less trip to a movie theater for yourself, or one less dining experience with a group of friends – one more meal at home. At least you have that meal, even if it is as simple as PB&J. Most people in the world get about one meal per day, even children, consider themselves lucky beyond measure to eat a bit of rice, one time a day. The cost for you will not be that great. The cost of generosity for God was to send His Son, to die for you and for me. Not going to a movie is not that bad anymore, huh? Generosity is yet another way of agaping those around you, who again, may not deserve it, but through your acts of generosity, you will be humbled before them and find them worthy of much more.
The eternal.
Start giving small . . . of your time, ears, presence and dedicative prayer. Then let it lead you to even greater gifts of giving, as they will arise from your unconditional agape toward all. Everything counts, as long as your intentions are pure. For true Agape is pure.
Give. Give. Give.
Of yourself. To another.
Little things, great matters.
Start small.
Agape started small, with a seed of life in you. Give, eternally.

Copyright © 2007 by Dorota Krzyzaniak
All rights reserved

[1] Name has been changed to keep the privacy of the individual.
[2] Mother Teresa, 39. Emphasis mine.

CHAPTER 9: REFLECTION ON THE STUDY - CHALLENGED TO AGAPE

If you want to make sure of keeping it (your heart) intact, you must give your heart to no one, not even to an animal. Wrap it carefully round with hobbies and little luxuries; avoid all entanglements; lock it up safe in the casket coffin of your selfishness. But in that casket – safe, dark, motionless, airless – it will change. It will not be broken; it will become unbreakable, impenetrable, and irredeemable. C.S. Lewis, The Four Loves.

For me this agape is a way of living, a practical way of giving-of-myself to others and a direct way of communicating with God through the eternal connection set by Christ, here and now. No other ancient love could offer such a gift of freedom to choose, ability to purely give, and a relationship that will last beyond the visible. Giving-of-ourselves, as opposite to simply giving, is an important distinction, because I can easily give a piece of extra bread to the hungry or an extra pair of socks to the barefoot one, and not do anything more than any other person with a bit of compassion and humanity within himself would do. Don’t get me wrong, that is a great act of kindness, but it is just a simple giving and it does not take much of “ourselves” to do so. Giving-of-ourselves requires us to “walk another mile” or take things a little further and perhaps I dare say, sacrifice of ourselves (our time, emotions, resources and even our most dearest possessions) for the well-being and even survival of the other. Perhaps, this is why the example in Christ’s and of God’s agape had to be so direct, firm, and bold - because it required of Christ to sacrifice everything that he had and was, so that those of us who had no hope would gain it, those who were hungry could then eat and those who had no relationship, because they appeared as “unloving” or “unworthy,” could now have a relationship with God Himself and all of the church, through Christ.

From a Believer’s study of agape, we learn that this way of loving is not a way of possessing, but rather a way of participating in one another’s lives ( in the good and the bad alike) and participating with the Spirit of God.[1] Here, we begin to observe a certain distinction within the different forms of loving that human beings are meant to experience and take pleasure in, and yet this is rarely possible without the study of Greek and the words used to distinguish between the loves. Now, it is clear that the Christian idea of loving is divine in its origin and must remain as such, because it is intended to go the “extra mile” and give-of-itself to others. Understanding this distinction can change the current generation of young people and the generations that are yet to come, as this understanding allows for preservation of the term and its meaning, and finally, for a greater revelation of the language used, and clear understanding of the biblical message.

Agape allows us to discover not only the distinctions between other loves, but also their limits and it offers new possibilities in one’s life to create a relationship with the other.[2] Agape proves God’s highest thoughts of us, as He was willing to agape us from day one, when we were still sinners, something that Eros could never offer. If we are sinners, how could a good God desire a relationship with any of us, according to the ways of philia? He could not, as philia meets the similar with the familiar, and there is no similary between a sinless God and a sinful man. Even the most natural of loves, storge, could not solve the problem of human unattractiveness, because storge is looking for the attractiveness and if not, then it is always driven by one’s need to be touched or touch. It is centered on Need-Love from other human beings, rather than Gift-Love toward God. A young Believer today must understand that to love someone from a believing heart - such as either loving a friend, a romantic other or being affectionate with the other - one must not only consider the distinctions between the loves, but also their dangers and limits, and come to them with the most righteous and pure motive of one’s heart. Not only that, but one must consciously forget one’s needs and put the other as the primary, so that one can become a servant, a good friend, an honest affectioner and a most generous and patient giver-of-oneself. One must consider the necessary distance which leads to a “loving trust”, where we can entrust ourselves to others and allow them to use us, just like Christ allowed his disciples to use him, even though he knew his heart could be broken by them.[3] Jesus became vulnerable for the sake of agape, rejecting the notion of hate, because he saw it brought death to one’s spirit and put a boundary between man and his God.[4] It is for our own completeness that we may do the same and begin with agape toward God himself and toward all things that come from Him or are of His nature, so that we, just like Christ, may become fellow-workers with God and one another.[5] This sacrificial love is the “impossible possibility.”[6] And may you now, be reminded of the story told in chapter one, of love between Katty and Riley. It is not only a romantic passion or desire, but a true agape, as they are both willing to give-of-themselves to the each other. The impossible possibility changes the world and changes our kardia.[7]

Copyright © 2007 by Dorota Krzyzaniak
All rights reserved


[1] Daniel Day Williams, The Spirit and Forms of Love (New York and Evanston: Harper and Row, Publishers, 1968), 209.
[2] Williams, 210.
[3] Carr, 40.
[4] Howard Thurman, Jesus and the Disinherited, foreword by Vincent Harding (Boston: Beacon Press, 1996), 88.
[5] John Henry Blunt, Rev., ed. Dictionary of Doctrinal and Historical Theology (London: Rivingtons, 1872), 797.
[6] Williams, 193.
[7] Kardia, in Greek is a concept of this living organ, which allows us to be; it includes our thoughts, feelings, emotions, mind and heart.

CHAPTER 8: AGAPE - THE GIVING GIFT

I Shall Not Hide the Talent

To love at all is to be vulnerable. Love anything, and your heart will certainly be wrung and possibly broken. [. . .] I believe that the most lawless and inordinate loves are less contrary to God’s will than a self-invited and self-protective lovelessness. It is like hiding the talent in a napkin . . . Christ did not teach and suffer that we might become, even in the natural loves, more careful of our happiness.C.S. Lewis, The Four Loves

C.S. Lewis thought that to show this giving-of-ourselves to the other was very much in accordance with God’s will, unlike the “self-invested” and “self-protective” “lovelessness.” “It is like hiding the talent”, he said. He further said that only those who agape God Himself are able to agape their fellow man and that agape can come from the awakening in man toward God Himself, a “supernatural” Appreciative-Love, which is a gift, and all a gift which should be most desired by all.
[1] A similar idea was observed by Kendzierski, who agrees that agape is a gift of God, as we cannot agape on our own (perhaps, because agape is from God) and therefore we need to ask God for it.[2] By giving-of-ourselves to the others, we are thinking about and practicing the kind of giving that comes voluntarily, readily and with a firm delight.[3] Think about it, agape from its own nature of giving cannot be forced on us, nor can we force it on others, as it is a conscious decision we make and an action we choose to carry out. If this force of willingness to give is present within one’s heart, a person will not be moved by the contrary motion, but rather one will practically and literally give oneself, one’s resources, and one’s time to the other.[4]

Lewis said: “It is probably impossible to love a human being too much.”[5] Agape might lead us to suffering[6], as it has led Christ to suffer for all human kind. But agape calls for that risk to “love” another human being with many attitudes, positive and negative ones; another human being like me, who might be stubborn or prideful, and to agape such a person might be very difficult at times. And yet, we forget that there is something in each one of us, that is “ugly,” full of negative attitudes and cannot be naturally loveable. At the same time, just like the other people with attitudes and pride, we also need to be “loved” through and despite the “ugly” and least attractive parts of our personalities; we all need to give-of-ourselves and be given-of-others, through the appearance of our sinful unattractiveness.[7] Agape seeks the other in its center and is divine enough to see the other as God sees him. This leads to unimaginable (by the standards of this world) acts of giving and gentleness toward that person.[8] It is that real and true agape of God that motivates us to high thoughts of others and to even think them better than ourselves.[9] Every time we feed a stranger or clothe the needy, we do it for Christ and are giving-of-ourselves to God Himself, and whether we know it or not, that is the true Gift-Love, directly from God, working within us, which comes only through the grace of God.[10] It is in this agape where the worthy and the unworthy can live together in a harmony of peace and they will both continue to seek opportunities to give-of-themselves to those around them.[11]


Copyright © 2007 by Dorota Krzyzaniak
All rights reserved


[1] Lewis, Loves, 140.
[2] Kendzierski, 30.
[3] Ibid., 28.
[4] Kendzierski, 104.
[5] Lewis, Loves, 122.
[6] Suffering here does not imply that God wants you to suffer for Him, or be in pain for Him. It means that you may have to make choices which will cause you to give of yourself so much, that might make your life not so comfortable, or rather “self-centered” anymore. Suffer, because your own will, must be submitted to the will of God who is agape and who wants you to serve one another.
[7] Lewis, Loves, 133.
[8] Tillich, 117.
[9] Edwards, 8.
[10] Lewis, Loves, 129.
[11] Morris, 128.

CHAPTER 7: AGAPE OF THE CROSS - GOD'S LOVE STORY


Beloved, we must continue to agape one another, because agape comes from the center of who God is and everyone who agapes, out of God has been begotten and he knows God Himself. (8) The not agaping one, does not know God, because God is that agape. (9) The true agape of God was revealed in us when God sent His only Son into the world, so that we may now live through him. (10) In this the agape is not because we have agaped God, but because He agaped us and sent His Son – the means by which our sins are forgiven. (11) Beloved, if thus God agaped us, we also ought to agape one another. (12) For no one has ever seen God, but if we agape one another, God remains in us and His agape in us, has been completed. [ . . .]

There is no fear in agape, for completed agape throws our fear, because fear punishes us, moreover, he who is afraid has not yet been completed in agape. (19) We continue to agape, because God first agaped us. If anyone says “I agape God” and his brother he is not able to agape, he is a liar for he does not agape his own brother whom he has seen, and God whom he has not seen, he is then unable to agape. And this instruction we have from Him, in order that he who agapes God, may also agape his brother. 1 John 4:7-12 and 4:18-21 [1]

God’s love story is the most powerful one. It is a gift of life we have been given; an example of how to love; reasoning for the continuation of agaping one another; and a costly love poured out for someone like me, and someone like you. If anyone claims to know God, he should not only proclaim that to others, but rather through his daily acts of agape reflect upon what he has been given. It is like the author of First John calling the church-going people to acts of agape, which will be enough of a statement that one truly is in God, because God is agape. God is agape. Small statement, but great in itself, and it would be a kind of disgrace to try with human words to add anything more to this truth. Everything that we know and experience about “being in love,” comes from Him – the center and the concept-maker of “love;” comes from the One, who Himself is “Love.” No one could ever comprehend such concepts, as if you remember, the closest people got to the idea of “love” was through physical pleasures they could experience for their gods, such as Eros, through sexual practice. The more, the better. So God had to refresh His identity for His people, by visualizing His enormous “love” for them right before their eyes. Rightly, through the ways they could relate – human’s emotions, joys, experiences and suffering. That is why His Son had to come in human form and live just like we have lived and then suffer, to visualize the extent of His Father’s agape. Finally, as a response, we now agape God, not because we can [as if it was our own strength or grace toward God], but because He, first agaped us [His grace toward us], through the gift of His only Son.

Thus, through the mystery of agape [but not in mystical terms], or the mystery of God Himself, the inner fear of human nature is overcome through the greater power and goodness of God’s agape. The punishment of fear might be the guilt you have been feeling for something you either have done, or something that was done to you. Example: if your parents tell you to get at least an A- on your biology test, or else they will spank you, you are living in fear before the test. If you do not get an A or A- but a C, you are in even more fear of the coming punishment. After the spanking, you may still feel guilty for the grade you received, as this is the kind of psychae, which comes from being fearful. You did not meet the expected requirements and therefore you have failed your parents and so, you feel guilty until you get a better grade or even double your grades! It might be your thinking, but the message of the Cross and the agape that was brought to earth, by Christ himself, has so much anointed power in it, so much of God’s holy presence in it, that in its own eternal way, with its own promises of life, is able to take away that fear and fill you, and also me, with the change of our thoughts and hopes, rather than guilt.

Cross and the Church: The People

To live a life of agape is to live the kind of life that Christ lived, and to be blessed by the greater agape of God, which will overflow from it.[2] Jesus was saying something new about agape, not only in his words, but in his very way of living, which meant to do good to those who do us no good.[3] Everything that God is as agape, was shown to us through Jesus Christ, so that we may know Him personally and relate to Him daily through our self-sacrificing activities, in which we can find the true meaning and purpose of agape.[4] The self-sacrificing part of agape is that it is able to cut beyond separation of “equals” and “unequals,” of “friendship” and of “influence,” as Christ agaped us beyond our appearance into the eternity of the Father.[5] Further, Christ showed us the practical expression of the eternal life.[6]

The Christian message focuses on the Cross of Christ so much because it is through the Cross that we are able to visualize, to know, and to experience the extent of the agape that God has for His Children; without the Cross, agape would be another theory of one’s pleasure.[7] This is why writers like that of First John reflect so much on the self-sacrificing agape and way of life revealed to us though Jesus.[8] From this one belief that Christians accept, witnessed and proclaim, the agape of God arises among His people, forming unity by the indwelling of the Spirit of God within.[9] Once the unity is formed in the church and the Spirit of God finds its rightful place in the heart of a person, a true believer will be delighted to exalt God for such gifts of life, because he will come to agape God, finding Him worthy of such praise. The person will continue to praise God, as he would anyone who has shown him kindness and helped him in times of great need, as this is the expression of a Gift-Love and a realization which comes out of the Need-Love we discussed earlier.[10] Church-people talk about the Cross and Christ’s sacrifice for all, because God’s agape is the basic factor of man’s existence and pleasures on this earth.[11] To live out such an agape-like-lifestyle is extremely demanding of our time, hearts, ears, resources, talents and gifts, and not one person can face such a task on his own, let alone succeed in it. But if a person responds to this agape-like-lifestyle in Christ, he will be transformed into an agape-like person, and he will then be distinguished from the rest of the world as a follower of Jesus.[12] And as that follower of Jesus, looking to his example of an agape-like-lifestyle, he will continue to give-of-himself, to anyone who is in need, because agape is of God, and God gave out of His only Son for each one of us. There is a sense of obligation, a call and finally a response to do what we ought to do, and that is to agape one another, no matter the cost, the appearance, nor the emotion we might feel. Agape is unconditional.


Copyright © 2007 by Dorota Krzyzaniak
All rights reserved

[1] Krzyzaniak, Current New Greek Testament Translations. Emphasis mine.
[2] E.M. Blaiklock, Letters to children of Light. Commentary on First, Second and Third John (Glendale: Regal Books Division, G/L Publications, 1975), 89.
[3] Morris, 149.
[4] Moffat, 288.
[5] Tillich, 119.
[6] Howley, 1664.
[7] Morris, 143.
[8] Moffat, 278.
[9] Edwards, 4.
[10] Ibid., 6.
[11] Furnish, 149.
[12] Morris, 185.

CHAPTER 6: AGAPE - A NEW FORM OF LOVING


We ought not to be weary of doing little things for the love of God, who regards not the greatness of the work, but the love with which it is performed.
Brother Lawrence
[1]

It would have been hard for any of us to simply live by one kind of “loving” mentioned in the previous chapter; storge would destroy us through its jealousy, philia would elevate us to a false sense of godliness, and eros would either elevate our beloved or destroy them by becoming a demon. As we see, none of those loves can exist on their own; they need additional and foundational help which would allow them to stand the test of time. That foundation for storge, philia and eros is formed by agape. Fairly new on the Ancient market, agape survived the test of time and allowed for many marriages and happy lives spent together, many friendships to last beyond high school and affection given to others more than it was received. Agape is the foundation which, if accepted and practiced, will keep all of the loves in one stable, successful and fulfilling way. Agape is the basic foundation for storge, philia and eros, just like any other strong foundation would be for a building. Agape is strong because it has survived the test of times, through war and inner conflicts.
Agape is a term used to describe external attitude toward an object, thus it must be physically expressed, but it starts with the inner attitude which “seeks after something” or “desires someone or something.”
[2] The meaning of agape has always been unclear as it is a new term introduced to describe a certain ideology, which cannot be easily described in words. What is known for sure, it did not mean the simplicity of storge, the connections of philia nor the sexual desires of eros. Agape could be translated as “to prefer” one thing above the other or “to esteem one person more highly than another”, such as, “preference of God for a particular man”, as this finally is the Christian practice of “love.”[3] It is then, a “love” which makes distinctions between objects and has the freedom, which we lacked in eros, to choose and keep to its objects. Often it is translated as “to show love”, because it is an attitude of active giving on the other’s behalf.[4] This may seem like an impossible behavior, but that is what agape demands from a follower of Christ, and it becomes possible only by the power of God working within a believer.[5]

Agape is nothing like the Ancient loves, because agape is all of those loves in one and even more. Agape is a conscious decision one makes to give of oneself (one’s time, one’s heart, one’s resources, one’s companion etc.) to the other, whom many times one cannot naturally “love” on one’s own terms. Once the “love” of agape has been directed toward an object, the “loving one” will find pleasure in that object and will prize it above all other things; the “loving one” will be unwilling to abandon it or do without it; even if the object is not attractive, the “loving one” will find worth in the object itself, as that is what agape is - it recognizes worth in the object.[6] This is only possible through agape, as it is a divine love; “love excelling.”[7]

Agape is meant to distinguish church-going people from non-church-going people and is meant to set them apart by the standards of life and emphasized values, and yet this “distinguished” community hopes that their brotherhood will broaden, as it is open to all and it desires all.[8] Church-going people believe that men are related to God by creation and resemblance of His good works, therefore each man can be “loved” through this view that he is a “work” of God Himself and, he is capable of happiness and that “love” of God can be found in him.[9] Agape had in mind a new moral relationship between one another; it accepted the rejected ones, it loved the unlovable and it gave to those who had nothing, not necessarily because this was their own heart’s desire, but because this is what the standard of Christian “loving” meant.[10] How can this be possible? By loving the Creator more than the creatures, one was able to “love” the creatures more than one could on one’s own terms.[11] Lewis further says, that in order to “love” others in this giving-of-ourselves way, we must become vulnerable, and realize that our heart might be broken by the other not giving the same pure affection or their lack of connection. This way of “loving” is a giving-of-ourselves, because Christ has given of himself to us.

This kind of “loving,” unlike the other loves, is not somehow conceived in human nature. It can only come as a gift of God who is agape.[12] For the first time in Greek thought it was possible to imagine this “love-relationship” between a god and a man (remember - eros was the closest, and the only way, through sexual expression, that a man could be connected with a god). So the primitive Believers when speaking of being “loved” by their God, meant personal experience of “intercourse with God himself” who desired such “intercourse” with them.[13] But how could they explain it to this new and growing community around them? Thankfully, to the writers of the New Testament, Christ was a greater part of their lives than he can ever be for us today, because they have either had a physical fellowship with him, or lived in a more current period around his time and the stories of who He was and what He did, were “fresher” and more “real” perhaps, than they can seem today. This means that New Testament writers knew that Jesus claimed to be the Son of God and therefore, if God was the Father of Jesus, He was the Father of all human kind.[14] The words Father and Son imply a relationship just as is the term “beloved” and that relationship between men and a God (shown through Christ) who cared about them, was exactly what first Christians wanted to share and spread.[15]

This relationship with God was not only new but also inspiring, because if God so loved His Son, how much more was he willing to “love” us? When church-going people realized this, they decided to give back to this God, as the relationship with Him was the desire of all previous ages, and because what this Christian God had to offer was more than what Eros was capable of; a relationship; He offered agape. This is why this “love” disposed the church people to behave toward God, as child to a father, because that is the example Christ has set before us and those who witnessed it, called it agape.

Copyright © 2007 by Dorota Krzyzaniak
All rights reserved

[1] Source unknown.
[2] Kittel, 36.
[3] Ibid., 37.
[4] Ibid.
[5] Pamudji, 46.
[6] Ibid., 28.
[7] G.C.D., Howley, F.F., Bruce, H.L., Ellison, eds., The New Layman’s Bible Commentary in one Volume (Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House, 1979), 1663.
[8] Stephen, G., Post, A Theory of Agape, on the Meaning of Christian Love (London: Associate university Press, 1990), 83.
[9] Lottie, H., Kendzierski, trans., and intro., Saint Thomas Aquinas, On Charity (Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 1960), 101.
[10] Moffat, 44.
[11] Lewis, Loves, 139.
[12] Victor, Paul, Furnish, The Love Command in the New Testament (Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1972), 155.
[13] Moffat, 60.
[14] Ernest, DeWitt, Burton, New Testament Word Studies, edited by Harold, R., Willoughby (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1927), 21.
[15] Moffat, 78.

CHAPTER 5: ESTABLISHING TERMS - ANCIENT FORMS OF LOVING

In order to understand the early Church’s ideology behind agape, we must examine the previous aspects of “loving” as the ancient Greeks knew it. This includes the study of storge, philia, and eros as they will show us a wide range of human “loving” and perhaps, guide us toward the new kind of “love” and the reason for which church-going people had to fill agape with their meaning. All of these “loves” are ingredients of human “loving” and necessary to the understanding of agape. While agape can exist on its own, as God is agape, the remaining ingredients of “loving,” storge, philia and eros, need agape as their foundation, not necessarily for their existence, but for their successful development and endurance.

1. Storge.
The Greek word storge could be translated into English as affection and it is the first ingredient in loving. Affection is both a need-love which needs to give and a gift-love which needs to be needed.
[1] We all feel the need to receive it and we all desire to give it. It can exist between anyone - the poor and the rich, the young and the old - as it is the least discriminatory of “loves.”[2] At this stage of “loving”, there are no expectations for a commitment or a level of giving, as this ingredient of love exists in its natural way of working. Think about it, if a hug is needed, a child can turn to its mother, a friend embrace his friend and even a dog can lay down by a cat to keep each other warm. In other words, affection is a natural need to touch and to be touched. Storge naturally is not selfish in its own terms, as it wishes not to hurt, humiliate, nor dominate its object, but it is not perfect[3] in that it does not tolerate changes well. When a new object of storge is introduced to already existing ones, the primary objects will be in danger of falling into jealousy and therefore their motive for stroge will become corrupt and will not be pure anymore. Because of this, storge can start at any moment and it can end just as quickly, as true storge may not put up with impure motives - as humans we all have a sense of when something becomes abused and when the object of our affection takes advantage of us. C.S. Lewis described the corruption of pure affection into unhealthy desires by using the example of pet’s care-taker, saying: “that terrible need to be needed often finds its outlet in pampering an animal. [. . . ] it’s a very bad luck for the animal.”[4]
Human beings, no matter how rich or poor, how selfish or how humble, all desire to touch and to be touched, generally with no other intention than to genuinely give or genuinely receive. It is our instinct, as any other breathing creature on this earth responding to its nature and true being. And yet this pleasure-love needs another ingredient in order to develop into something more intentional and completed, as it cannot be our ultimate answer to what “loving” is all about and how it should look? For when the object of one’s affection becomes the center of one’s life, it is then that the storge becomes his or her demon.
[5] It will turn back on you.

2. Philia.
Philia-love is what we today call friendship, but to the Ancient Greeks friendship was not as simple as it might seem. First of all, it was the kind of “loving” which only gods had for men, which meant embracing everything that was given human expression. Further it was not an impulse that overcame men, but a sort of order.
[6] We learn from an Aristotelian writer in 1208 that it was impossible to imagine a friendship between, or with a god, because the thinking was that there must be some kind of return of affection (storge) for this friendship to work, and how could one say that he “loved” Zeus?[7] Deities, certainly had their favorites, but that was how far their “love” for a human being could reach in this line of Greek thought. In the Greek New Testament philia is used only once and it is in James chapter four, verse four in the context of befriending the world rather than God.[8] This follows that the writers of the New Testament did not consider philia the kind of “loving” that their new faith could be defined by, or could be enough to practice, as they were aware of this term, because they grew up on it!
Lewis says that philia was the one “love” which seemed to be the happiest and most human of all “loves;” where one could learn virtues of life and yet today, we come to ignore it. At the same time he argues that we can survive without friendship as it is the least natural of “loves,” perhaps because it involves our choice of a friend? In order for someone to be accepted as our friend, we need to find something in common between us, such as sport or religion. Friends must have previously established companionship, which Lewis argues is the matrix of friendship, and which will allow the few chosen ones to walk beside each other and share the same vision;
[9] therefore, “those who have nothing can share nothing”.[10] Philia-love is not enough to exist by itself, but it is one of the ingredients in our journey of “loving.” The modern day problem is that, when our so called “friend” does not call us, we tend to think: “Why didn’t she call me? What is she thinking standing me up like that!” This is a problem because we are naturally self-centered beings and we have an innate tendency to think about ourselves and our needs first. Unnaturally, we need to change that thinking and train our minds and hearts to ask: “My friend didn’t call me, I wonder what came about? Is she ok? Perhaps she needs some space, if so, I shall give it to her. I will wait a little and trust my friend.”
Just as philia was not easy for the Ancient Greeks to comprehend, it is also not as easy for us today, especially in the age of false reality TV shows which corrupt our idea of what philia-love truly means. Friendship is a choice but it is also a response and the beginning to a process which will lead us to a greater understanding of true “loving” and the importance of giving to the other, rather than naturally trying only to take. In a good friendship each member tends to feel humbled by the other’s gifts and greatness; he appreciates what he is able to share with them and he wonders what he is doing among his betters - in short, he feels lucky to call himself a friend to the rest, as their company is more than he deserves.
[11] It is a friendly love, between two alike, and a response of the heart to the pleasure one takes in another.[12]

2. Eros.
Eros is a name of a Greek god who was compelled by none but compelled all; Greeks saw in him “intoxication” and this was to him a sort of religion. Poor men on earth had no choice whatsoever, nor freedom in choosing to “love” Eros, as they were totally mastered by the desires which Eros used to seize them.
[13] Plato used this kind of “love” in his poetic expressions of the ultimate fulfillment and elevation of one’s life, as the people drowned deeper and deeper into their sexual desires.[14] Eros-love is then a passionate desire which desires the other for itself; religion and ecstasy come together in a type of religious eroticism, thus prostitution was quite popular and even encouraged in the temples of the gods and goddesses of love.[15] Through the sexual expressions of human nature and its pleasures, people found themselves in unions with gods, as if this “love” was their ancient idea of connection between man and a god, because how else could you explain such sensation of pleasure? For the Greeks sought in others (through this eros-love) the fulfillment of their own life’s hunger for a greater satisfaction in whichever way they could find it.[16] Even more, the desire to possess is so “crucial” that the only way a satisfaction can be gained is through the possession of the object of one’s eros-love.[17]
Is “love” then, truly blind? For eros-love that is possible, not because the lovers become physically or mentally blinded to the reality of each other, but because they become consumed by their passion and deep desire for one another. This state of “loving” is what we recognize as a state in which the lovers are “in”.[18] This cannot be simply thought of as a “sexual desire,” for sex can occur without this eros-love, but this is rather the state in which one of the beloved wants not the pleasure in itself, but he is rather so pre-occupied with the other beloved, that he wants the beloved for whom she or he is.[19] Lewis further says, that eros-love transforms this need-pleasure into the most appreciative of all pleasures! In this thinking, the eros-love is no longer corrupted by orgies and prostitution for the sake of gods, as eros-love is meant to be a private “love” between the two people desiring one another and appreciating who the other is.[20] Lewis even says, that this “love” is the one and true “love,” like the Love himself, not by approach but by resemblance. Again, there is a warning that if this eros-love becomes “unconditionally” obeyed, it will turn “being in love” into religion; the adoration of the beloved for each other becomes “idolization” of each other, and the eros in itself will become a demon.[21] Therefore, this eros needs help of yet another ingredient in order to remain what it purely is and not die on us or become a demon.


Copyright © 2007 by Dorota Krzyzaniak
All rights reserved


[1] Lewis, Loves, 32.
[2] Ibid.
[3] Perfect- defined here as something that has been completed, according to its purpose and use.
[4] Lewis, Loves, 52.
[5] Ibid., 56.
[6] Gerhard Kittel, Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, trans., and ed. Geoffrey W. Bromiley (Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eardmans Publishing Company, 1964), 36.
[7] Moffat, 9.
[8] Morris, 119.
[9] Lewis, Loves, 65.
[10] Ibid., 67.
[11] Lewis, Loves, 72.
[12] Pamudji, The Concept of Agape in Selected Passages of Jesus’ Teachings (Western Evangelical Seminary, 1980), 24.
[13] Kittel, 35.
[14] Ibid.
[15] Ibid.
[16] Ibid., 37.
[17] Morris, 142.
[18] Lewis, Loves, 91.
[19] Ibid., 94.
[20] Morris, 118.
[21] Lewis, Loves, 115.

CHAPTER 4: FOUNDATION

Ἀγαπητοί, ἀγαπῶμεν ἀλλήλους, ὅτι ἡ ἀγάπη ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ ἐστιν

The Greek New Testament text above was made by the author of 1 John and it can be translated literally as: Beloved, may we love (present tense, indicating continuous action) one another, because love out of God is. What the author meant to say was that we are capable of experiencing this “loving” of one another simply because that “love” comes to us from God. Now, this is not just any kind of “love”, nor any kind of audience he is speaking to. First, “beloved” was a term used to describe the community of Church-going people, today we may call them Christians. Church people were believers who gathered together, to worship God, and who believed in Jesus Christ as their Savior; the term could also mean: brothers. The term “brother” in the epistles is used to describe a fellow-church person bound in love toward other church people (a.k.a Christians), rather than a person who is not a fellow-man.[1] Many times there is a problem with translation of the word, as when translated into English as “brothers,” it can be argued that it involved only the male audience. In reality the term “brother” is not bound only to males, but also to females, as both, men and women can be and are a part of the church, so saying “brothers and sister,” would be most correct. Thus, people who found themselves among the midst of the believing in Christ, were the people that John was addressing.

The term used for “love” is typical for a biblical audience: agape. Agape was a new term for “love,” because this new community of a new faith at the time, had to create a new vocabulary, which for all purposes and intents would define them and their vision.
[2] Why would they do that? As we will continue to study, we will see that they intentionally had a different idea about the essential meaning of “loving.”[3] The new movement of the united people consciously thought about, experienced and wanted to express their relations of men to God, God to men and fellow-man to fellow-man.[4] For the author of 1 John[5] to say that we “love” one another because agape out of God is, implies that the meaning of agape must therefore be divine, its purpose holy and its intention is to target our hearts and to transform them into the image of God, who is also agape [v.7]. Agape then is not only connected to God, but God is identified as its origin.[6] ‘God is agape’ becomes a condition of fellowship between the believing ones, because this Spirit of agape will not only result as an obligation for the followers, but will direct them into the proper actions toward one another and to those outside.[7] Further, the author of John will make many connections to show us that faith is a real faith for the ‘beloved’, only when that faith becomes reflected by the loving acts in one’s community.[8]

But, for a church-going person today, two-thousand years after the life of Christ on earth, what does it mean to really agape one another? We tend to say “love” in many different contexts, with many different degrees of intention or understanding of the words. We “love” our shoes that we bought on a great sale, we “love” our friends, we “love” our pets, we “love” the picture we took, we “love” the new car, we “love” our parents, we “love” the paper we wrote, we “love” the new professor, etc., but do we really mean “loving” them? As Church-going people, what do we understand behind that four letter word, which was marked by the blood of many believers in the One, whom shed his blood first, for you and me? The problem we need to face first, is not the fact that agape is intentionally a new word for “loving”, but that agape comes the from Greek language which has four different words to describe different kinds of “loving”, specifically as directed to the object of our “loving.” English has one word which summarizes our emotions, passions and acts of “loving” no matter the object, degree or intention of our “loving”, which creates a great problem for anyone raised within this limited view of greater mystery and beauty. This is also, why so many church going-people, especially young people like myself, are confused about what the agape of Christ is beyond the physical blood that was shed for each of us, and what this agape should require of us today, as we read the Word and are called to “loving of one another.” The ultimate goal of this study is to examine the intended meaning of agape and to redefine ancient terms for “love” for a person, who lives over two-thousand years after the establishment of Christian movement, in order that it can be practically applied to one’s individual and relational living. My proposed thesis is that agape is not a mere “love,” but an intentional term used to describe a way of living, which should be an expression of one’s eternal destiny and a constant-present attitude of servant-hood and giving-hood for the other, first in the church and then outside the church. Agape should not be seen as a love separated from all of the other loves we can know as humans, but it should be applied as the fundamental ingredient for each one of them.


Copyright © 2007 by Dorota Krzyzaniak
All rights reserved


[1] James Moffatt, Love in the New Testament (New York: Richard R. Smith, Inc., 1930), 282.
[2] Moffatt, 40.
[3] Leon Morris, Testaments of Love, A study of Love in the Bible (Grand Rapids: William B. Eardmans Publishing Company, 1981), 128.
[4] Moffatt, 11.
[5] No one is sure of the identity of this writer; some thing it might have been the same person who wrote the gospel of John, because of the collision of terms and ideology used, or that it could be someone different, as the author never identifies himself in the epistles of John.
[6] John Christopher Thomas, The Pentecostal Commentary on 1 John, 2 John, 3 John (Cleveland: The Pilgrim Press, 2004), 215.
[7] Gordon H. Clark, First John, a Commentary (Jefferson: The Trinity Foundation, 1980), 131.
[8] Werner Georg Kummel, The Theology of the New Testament, According to its Major Witnesses: Jesus, Paul, John (Nashville: Abingon Press, 1973), 303.

CHAPTER 3: PLEASURES AND LOVES - HUMAN LOVING

In order to understand the potential meaning of the word agape (that is “love” or “loving”) in the studied context, we must first examine the ways in which human beings respond to this idea of “love” and how it is formed in the very nature of who we are. C.S. Lewis, in his book titled The Four Loves, draws a clear picture of how this process of “loving” or “choosing whom to love” is being formed within the very center of who we are, as people. This will be drawn from a Christian point of view, as both the author of this paper and C.S. Lewis believe in the Christian God- the Loving God. Therefore it all starts with the idea that there is one God, who is a Loving God (“God agape is”), his very nature is to Love his people. Our “loves” therefore could be divided into two categories deriving from the center of this Loving God: Gift-Love and Need-Love.[1] Gift – Love is an expression of God’s Love for humanity; He has given us life and the ability to care for others. This is why a man wants to provide for his family and a mother can care for her children. Gift-Love “longs to serve” so much and so far that it can long to “suffer for, God”.[2] Families are this example of Gift- Love, as they want to give happiness, comfort and protection to their members. Gift-Love draws us closer to God, as the desire to “love” goes through our natural likeness to Him and His creation, caused by the fact that we are part of His marvelous masterpiece, we all reflect a part of who He is.[3] It is this Gift-Love that allows us to have a desire of serving another and loving God. In a sense, it is one of the ways in which human beings respond to the Agape of God and through which they grow closer to Him, if they desire so. Gift-Love is, in short, a love of giving. God gives us life and we give care to, especially those closest to us.

While Gift- Love is the likeness of God in us, Need-Love is a state in which we are least like God. It is our need for the “love” of the other. Just like a child wanting to cry in his mama’s arms, we also need God to comfort us; therefore, we come to him in our state of poverty crying for help. This Need- Love is given to us by our nature and we all feel it. In fact, C.S. Lewis argues that for a person not to feel the need for “love” of another, is a sign of a “cold egoist” within, or even worse, “a bad spiritual state.”
[4] He says, that is one of the reasons why God created a woman for a man, as it was “not good for man to be alone.”Need- Love tells God and others of our weaknesses. No matter how sophisticated one can be, he will always long for a caring touch of the other, for the assurance that everything will work out and there will be peace within. But this can only come from God. C.S. Lewis adds: “Perhaps none of them (loves) except Need-Love ever exists alone, in “chemical” purity, for more than a few seconds. And perhaps that is because nothing about us except our neediness is, in this life, permanent.”[5] And this need allows us to draw closer to God by approaching him with our hearts and a desire to be near him, just like that crying child desires his mother’s arms and this nearness to God is nothing less, but part of our purpose and nature. Beware, as there is also a danger for this beautiful way of expressing care for one another. This Need-Love, if abused, can become a selfish “love” and not a genuine expression of our true hearts and desires.

Before we go on any further in understanding the concept of human loving, there is yet another aspect to our process of engaging in a loving relationship or even the thought of, well, the thought of loving. It is our sense of pleasure. The pleasure preceded by one’s desire, for example to have a drink of water on a hot day, is called Need-Pleasure and the pleasure, which can exist on its own such as the beautiful smell of a rose or freshly picked strawberries, is called a Pleasure of Appreciation.
[6] Need-Pleasure is a momentary feeling, disappearing the moment we have satisfied it. In a sense it “dies” on us and there is no further meaning or perhaps significant memory of it, outside of that moment.[7] Similarly, the Need-Love may not last any longer than the need, even if the need reoccurs. The only Need-Love which will always be there, although our awareness of it may disappear, is the Need-Love for God, as we will always need him.[8]
The Pleasure of Appreciation is much more beautiful and lasting. A fine wine drinker will appreciate the various tastes of wine he will come across, not because he is thirsty or he has become an alcoholic, but because everything about that wine, the smell, its origin and texture, will in a sense be appreciated by this man. It is an unselfish desire to experience this, as the wine collector will not only enjoy the wine for that moment, but will try to preserve it for the sake of keeping this pleasure and delicacy gratified and lasting forever. He desires to praise this object which claimed his deepest appreciation, by its right to do so.[9] Lewis says that to preserve the wine is to continue the preservation of its whole beauty, a way of self-sacrifice by the offering of its pleasure for another’s appreciation. It is the starting point of the “experience of beauty.” It is not only our enjoyment of those things which bring this appreciative pleasure, but our ability to be, in a sense, “God-like” and proclaim the object as “very good,” in other words “this shall last.”[10] It is this ability to proclaim something earlier most appreciated for its true and given beauty, that leads us to what Lewis calls, a third aspect of loves: the idea and act of “worship.”[11] We must therefore be aware that any object which becomes an appreciative pleasure to our senses has the potential of also becoming the object of our devotion, here – worship. We must then make a careful exploration of the ways in which we come to love; from our natural need to feel a mother’s touch, to our ability to provide for those closest to us; from our sense of satisfying thirst, to our will of elevating one thing above the other. As human beings we have always had the potential to love and we have found ways in which that desire can be expressed.

Copyright © 2007 by Dorota Krzyzaniak
All rights reserved


[1] C.S. Lewis, The four Loves (New York: Harcover, Brace, 1960), 1-5.
[2] Ibid., 17.
[3] Lewis, 17.
[4] Ibid.
[5] Ibid.
[6] Lewis, Loves, 10-12.
[7] Ibid., 14.
[8] Ibid., 15.
[9] Ibid., 14.
[10] Lewis, Loves, 16.
[11] Ibid., 26.